www.ijcrsee.com
139
Vorobyeva, E., & Nimchenko, A. (2022). Cognitive and personality traits of social media users with eating disorders, International
Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 10(3), 139-147.
Introduction
The problem of disorders in eating behavior is becoming increasingly important today. In recent
years, there has been a signicant increase in the number of patients with eating disorders, both in Russia
and abroad, which is a severe problem (Kessler et al., 2013). Eating disorders are mental disorders
that manifest themselves as impaired eating (Schag et al., 2013; Mehler and Rylander, 2015; Iqbal and
Rehman, 2020). Current research examines the factors that inuence the occurrence of eating disorders.
The emergence of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is associated with
genetic predisposition, social inuences, the role of psychophysiological factors, as well as personality
traits (Bulik, Sullivan and Kendler, 2003; Urwin and Nunn, 2004; Javaras et al., 2008; Rask-Andersen et
al., 2010; Muller et al., 2012; Trace et al., 2013; Yilmaz, Hardaway and Bulik, 2015; Grzelak et al., 2017;
Motalova and Vorobyeva, 2018; Zam, Saijari and Sijari, 2018; Himmerich et al., 2019; Vorobyeva et al.,
2021).
In the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, on the one hand, there were certain restrictions for
conducting face-to-face psychological research, and on the other hand, with the increasing stressfulness
of the surrounding situation, the need for consultation with a clinical psychologist based on psychological
diagnostics in persons with eating disorders has increased signicantly as the number of people with
eating disorders has increased.
Eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and other
specic eating disorders. Their clinical manifestations are described in two main classiers of mental and
behavioral disorders: the International Classication of Diseases (ICD-10 and ICD-11) and the American
Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Taxonomy of Mental Disorders Handbook (DSM-IV and DSM-V).
Anorexia nervosa is a neurotic register syndrome that manifests itself in abstaining from food to lose for
weight due to the belief in the presence of apparent or overestimated obesity. Bulimia nervosa manifests
itself as an intermittent inability to refrain from eating large amounts of food. Bulimia nervosa characterized
desire to prevent the effect of food on body weight, by inducing vomiting, taking laxatives and diuretic
drugs, and fasting. Bulimia nervosa is associated with guilt and fear of obesity (Kaye et al., 2011; Voon,
2015; Harasim-Piszczatowska and Krajewska-Kułak, 2017; Burton and Abbott, 2019).
This paper presents the results of an online study of the cognitive and personality traits of individuals
Cognitive and Personality Traits of Social Media Users With Eating
Disorders
Elena Vorobyeva
1*
, Anastasia Nimchenko
1
1
Academy of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation,
e-mail: evorob@sfedu.ru; nastya.nimchenko@yandex.ru
Abstract: This work aims to study the personality and cognitive characteristics of social media users with eating
disorders. The work in-volved 209 people (84 women with anorexia nervosa, 82 women with bulimia nervosa, a control group of
43 healthy women). The Eating Behavior Rating Scale (EBRS), Cognitive-behavioral Patterns in Eating Disorders Questionnaire,
16-factor Personality Questionnaire, and the Dysfunctional Relations Scale (DRS) were used to assess cognitive and personal
characteristics of people with eating disorders. It was found in the work that emotional instability, anxiety, and suspicion are
characteristic personality traits for persons with eating disorders. It has been found that individuals with anorexia nervosa and
bulimia nervosa have different cognitive characteristics. The cognitive characteristics of individuals with eating disorders are
correlated with their per-sonality traits.
Keywords: anorexia, bulimia, cognitive and personality traits.
Original scientic paper
Received: August, 05.2022.
Revised: November, 27.2022.
Accepted: December, 04.2022.
UDK:
159.923.2.072-055.2:077.5]: 616.33-008.4(470)
10.23947/2334-8496-2022-10-3-139-147
© 2022 by the authors. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
*
Corresponding author: evorob@sfedu.ru
www.ijcrsee.com
140
Vorobyeva, E., & Nimchenko, A. (2022). Cognitive and personality traits of social media users with eating disorders, International
Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 10(3), 139-147.
with eating disorders. The purpose of this work is to study the cognitive and personal characteristics of
users of social networks with eating disorders. The subject of research: persons with eating disorders from
the thematic group in the social network “VKontakte” with a conrmed diagnosis. Research hypotheses:
1.The personal characteristics of persons with eating disorders may have statistically signicant differences
from the control group in terms of the emotional attributes of the personality: anxiety, emotional instability,
suspicion, and tension; 2. Individuals with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa may have different
cognitive factor; 3. The cognitive aspect of individuals with eating disorders may be inter-related with their
personality traits.
Materials and Methods
The study was conducted in a specialized social media group. The number of participants left 209
people. Of these, 84 women with anorexia nervosa (mean age 22 ± 0.3 years and 82 women with bulimia
nervosa at age 23 ± 0.5 years. Control group - 43 healthy girls aged 22 ± 0.4, used Google Forms.
The Eating Behavior Rating Scale (EBRS) (Wilson et al., 1989) was used to assess the severity
of eating disorders. We used the Russian version of EBRS (validation by Ilchik et al., 2011). Cognitive-
behavioral Patterns in Eating Disorders Questionnaire (Sagalakova and Kiseleva, 2014) was used to
revealing cognitive and behavioral features at persons with eating behavior disturbances. 16-factor
Personality Questionnaire (Cattell, 1949) was used to assess the personal characteristics. The
Dysfunctional Relations Scale (DRS) (Weissman and Beck, 1978) was used to measure the intensity of
dysfunctional attitudes. We used the Russian version of DRS (validation by Zakharova, 2013). Statistical
data processing was carried out using Statistica 10. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality
of the distribution, the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test was used to evaluate the reliability of differences
between the compared groups, and the Spearman correlation coefcient was used to determine the
presence of relationships.
Experiment and obtain the some or equivalent results. Provide sufcient detail to allow the work
to be reproduced. A reference should imply published methods; only appropriate changes should be
described.
Results
Individuals with eating disorders showed a pronounced expression of such behavioral stereotypes
as: inefciency (8.4 ± 0.9), perfectionism (6.9 ± 1.7), distrust in interpersonal relationships (7.7 ± 1.8),
in-teroceptive incompetence (8 ± 1.2). Indicators on the scale “Episodes of overeating and cleansing be-
havior” (U=1769.5; p<0.05) in the group of people with bulimia nervosa are statistically signicantly higher
than in the group of people with anorexia nervosa.
According to the methodology “16-factor personality questionnaire R.B. Cattell”, signicant dif-
ferences were found between the group of people with anorexia nervosa and the group of people with
bulimia nervosa on the scales: “Emotional instability - Emotional stability” (U=2753; p=0.05), “Restraint
- Expressiveness” (U=2662; p=0.05). Signicantly signicant differences were found between individuals
with eating disorders and individuals from the control group in terms of individual psychological personality
traits such as: self-esteem (U=531; p<0.05), emotional stability (U=466; p<0.05), gullibility (U=658;
p<0.05), calmness (U=664.5; p<0.05), relaxation (U=400; p<0.05).
The assessment of the severity of cognitive features in eating disorders was carried out. The results
obtained for individuals with anorexia nervosa are shown in Figure 1.
www.ijcrsee.com
141
Vorobyeva, E., & Nimchenko, A. (2022). Cognitive and personality traits of social media users with eating disorders, International
Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 10(3), 139-147.
Figure 1. Mean values of the severity of cognitive features in individuals with anorexia nervosa.
Based on the results depicted in Figure 1, we can say that individuals with anorexia nervosa
demonstrate a high severity of such cognitive features as: control over food intake, self-focusing on their
body imperfections, and restrictive eating behavior to lose weight. For the parameter “Control over food
intake”, the average value in individuals with anorexia nervosa was 22.2 ± 4.5, which is a high indicator.
According to the parameter “Self-focusing of attention on the shortcomings of one’s body”, the average
value was 44.3 ± 5.9, which is a high indicator and indicates the presence of close attention to the
imaginary “shortcomings” of their own body. In addition, there is a desire to hide “aws” with the help of
certain clothes. For the parameter “Restrictive eating behavior to lose weight,” the average value was 48.6
± 9.3, which is a high indicator and indicates the presence of respondents’ dissatisfaction with their weight
and the application of the strategy of restricting food intake. In addition, people with anorexia nervosa
resort to vigorous physical exercise, laxatives, and diuretics. The revealed cognitive features of persons
with anorexia nervosa are of moderate severity with a tendency to high: “Avoidance of objective weight
assessment”, “Violation of control during eating”, “ Restrictive eating behavior, as a means of achieving
the motive of afliation”.
According to the parameter “Avoidance of objective weight assessment”, the average value was
18.6 ± 5.3, which is an average indicator and speaks of a not vivid expression of the desire not to attract
the attention of others to one’s gure and body. This pattern consists in avoiding cases of evaluating the
gure by choosing loose clothing, eating restrictions, and can manifest itself in avoiding social contacts
due to dissatisfaction with one’s appearance. According to the parameter “Violation of control during
food intake,” the average value was 17.5 ± 4.5, an average indicator indicating rare cases of loss of
control during eating and accompanied by cleansing behavior. Such results are less pronounced in
individuals with anorexia nervosa and are more common in individuals with bulimia nervosa. According to
the parameter “Restrictive eating behavior, as a means of achieving the motive of afliation” the average
value was 24.3 ± 7, which is an average indicator and suggests that weight loss is perceived as a
factor necessary for realizing the need for communication, friendship, and love with other people. For
the parameter “Emotional eating disorder” the average value was 35.9 ± 15. There is a tendency to high
severity. There results suggest that not all individuals with anorexia nervosa exhibit this pattern. The
indicators suggest that food intake serves to change the emotional state. The above cognitive-behavioral
patterns has moderate and high severity among individuals with anorexia nervosa.
An assessment of the severity of cognitive features in persons with bulimia nervosa was obtained.
The results are displayed in Figure 2.
www.ijcrsee.com
142
Vorobyeva, E., & Nimchenko, A. (2022). Cognitive and personality traits of social media users with eating disorders, International
Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 10(3), 139-147.
Figure 2. Mean values of the severity of cognitive features in persons with bulimia nervosa.
Based on the results presented in Figure 2, we can say that people with bulimia nervosa demonstrate
a high severity of such cognitive features as: control over food intake, avoidance of objective weight
assessment, impaired control during eating, emotional eating disorder, self-focusing on the deciencies
of their body, restrictive eating behavior to lose weight. According to the parameter “Control over food
intake”, the average value in persons with bulimia nervosa was 21 ± 5.3, which is a high indicator and
indicates the severity of the pattern, which manifests itself in increased self-control in the eld of eating
behavior, as well as in the establishment of rules and requirements for oneself, to your gure and body, the
way you eat. According to the parameter “Avoidance of objective weight assessment”, the average value
was 22.6 ± 5, which is a high indicator and indicates the presence of a desire not to draw the attention
of others to their gure and body. This pattern can be expressed in avoiding cases of gure evaluation,
by choosing loose clothing and eating restrictions, and avoiding social contacts due to dissatisfaction
with their appearance. According to the parameter “Violation of control during food intake,” the average
value was 21 ± 5.3, a high indicator indicating frequent loss of control during eating and accompanied by
cleansing behavior. According to the parameter “ Emotional eating disorder”, the average value was 43.5
± 13, which is a high indicator and suggests that food intake is a way to change one’s emotional state.
According to the parameter “Self-focusing of attention on the shortcomings of one’s body,” the average
value was 46.4 ± 6.7, which is a high indicator and testies to the expressed attention of respondents
to their body and its “shortcomings”. For the parameter “Restrictive eating behavior to lose weight,” the
average value was 50.4 ± 10.5, which is a high indicator. For the parameter “Restrictive eating behavior
as a means of achieving the motive of afliation” the average value was 23 ± 8, which is the average. To
achieve acceptance by other people, respondents apply food restrictions by choosing low-calorie foods.
For the parameter “Restrictive eating behavior for the purpose of losing weight” the average value was
50.4 ± 10.5, which is a high indicator. For the parameter “Restrictive eating behavior as a means of
achieving the motive of afliation” the average value was 23 ± 8, which is the average. Respondents
apply food restrictions by choosing low-calorie foods to achieve acceptance by other people. For the
parameter “Restrictive eating behavior lose weight,” the average value was 50.4 ± 10.5, which is a high
indicator. For the parameter “Restrictive eating behavior as a means of achieving the motive of afliation”
the average value was 23 ± 8, which is the average. Respondents apply food restrictions by choosing
low-calorie foods to achieve acceptance by other people.
The data of a comparative analysis of the personal characteristics of individuals with eating
disorders and individuals from the control group are given in Table 1.
www.ijcrsee.com
143
Vorobyeva, E., & Nimchenko, A. (2022). Cognitive and personality traits of social media users with eating disorders, International
Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 10(3), 139-147.
Table 1
Comparative analysis of personality traits of individuals with eating disorders and individuals from
the control group (Mann-Whitney U test)
Analysis of the data presented in Table 1 allows us to speak of the presence of signicantly
signicant differences between individuals with eating disorders and individuals from the control group
in terms of individual psychological personality traits such as: self-esteem (U=531; p<0.05), emotional
stability (U=466; p<0.05), gullibility (U=658; p<0.05), calmness (U=664.5; p<0.05), relaxation (U= 400;
p<0.05).
Based on our results, we can say that people without eating disorders have signicantly higher
condence, self-satisfaction, and emotional stability. Individuals with eating disorders are characterized
by excitability, irritability, tension, and frustration. Thus, the most pronounced personality traits that dis-
tinguish people with eating disorders from healthy people are: anxiety, low self-esteem, emotional insta-
bility, caution and vigilance towards people, self-doubt, anxiety, irritability, frustration, and tendency to
experience feelings of guilt.
Spearman’s correlation analysis made it possible to determine the existence of a relationship
between the clinical manifestations of eating disorders and cognitive characteristics in individuals with
eating disorders. Correlation analysis revealed a moderate relationship between the indicators “Excessive
concern about weight” and “Control over food intake” (r=0.34, at p≤0.05), “Episodes of overeating and
cleansing behavior” and “Self-focusing on the shortcomings of one’s body “(r = 0.35, at p≤0.05),” Ex-cessive
anxiety about weight” and “Impaired control during eating” (r=0.36, at p≤0.05),”Binge eating episodes
and cleansing behavior” and “Violation of control during food intake” (r=0.49, at p≤0.05),“Excessive
anxiety about weight” and “Restrictive eating behavior as a means of achieving an afliation motive
”(r=0,35, “Episodes of overeating and cleansing behavior” and “Avoidance of objective weight estimation”
(r=0.55, at p≤0.05), “Dissatisfaction with the body” and “Violation of control during food intake ”(r=0.44,
at p≤0.05),“Episodes of overeating and cleansing behavior” and “Emotional eating disorder”(r=0.65, at
p≤0.05), “Dissatisfaction with the body” and “Self-focusing on the shortcomings of one’s body” (r=0.47,
at p≤0.05).
Discussions
The study revealed signicant differences in the severity of clinical signs of eating disorders between
the group of individuals with anorexia nervosa and the group of individuals with bulimia nervosa in terms
of the frequency of episodes of overeating and purging behavior. These results indicate that individuals
with bulimia nervosa have a higher incidence of binge eating and cleansing behaviors. This result reects
the features of the clinical picture of the disorder, which includes alternating episodes of overeating and
maladaptive compensatory behavior that occurs in response to a “breakdown” in eating. Our results do
not contradict the previously obtained data described in works involving the study of bulimia nervosa
(Benton and Karazsia, 2015; Moore et al., 2017; Herpertz et al., 2019).
During our study, it was found that for people with bulimia nervosa, compared with people with
anorexia nervosa, a higher severity of the desire not to attract the attention of other people to their gure,
a violation of control during meals in combination with episodes of overeating, a tendency to change
your emotional state with the help of meals and increased attention to the imperfections of your body.
The results obtained can be explained by the fact that the understanding of the loss of control over their
eating behavior and the prognosis of the consequences (weight gain) in persons with bulimia nervosa
are accompanied by the fear of negative assessment of their appearance by other people, as well as
the fear of social interactions. In this case, emotional overeating attempts to cope with frightening social
www.ijcrsee.com
144
Vorobyeva, E., & Nimchenko, A. (2022). Cognitive and personality traits of social media users with eating disorders, International
Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 10(3), 139-147.
assessment and “relaxation” from negative experiences. Thus, people with this disorder are characterized
by an avoidant type of behavior, the desire to avoid condemnation due to existing social fear, and a high
susceptibility to emotional overeating since this is a simple and safe way to get rid of tension and cope
with stress.
Our work found that people with eating disorders are characterized by high seriousness of
dysfunctional attitudes. Comparison with the control group showed a signicant predominance of indicators
in the group with different forms of eating disorders in comparison with healthy subjects. Thus, it can be
concluded that individuals suffering from eating disorders are characterized by a high degree of cognitive
biases, regardless of the form of the disease. Our results conrm the data available in the literature on
inadequate perception of oneself and the surrounding reality in individuals with eating disorders (Sansone
and Sansone, 2011; Hasan and Hasan, 2011; Dufresne et al., 2019).
In the study of personality traits, we found that individuals with bulimia nervosa had a statistically
signicantly higher severity of emotional instability and expressiveness than those with anorexia nervosa.
The results can be explained by the fact that in bulimia nervosa, difculties in the self-control of emotions
and impulsive drives can contribute to the emergence of new bulimic episodes, while individuals with
anorexia nervosa are characterized by pronounced sustained control over the amount of food consumed.
Our results on a sample are consistent with the data that adolescent girls with bulimia nervosa are
indicated by the presence of impulsivity and affective instability (Šobot and Markovic, 2010).
Comparative analysis of personal characteristics of individuals with eating disorders and individuals
from the control group showed differences in emotional aspect. The personality traits of individuals with
eating disorders include emotional instability (C-), suspicion (L +), anxiety (O +), tension (Q4 +), low self-
esteem (MD-). The combination of personality factors O +, Q4 +, L + indicates a neurotic anxiety syndrome,
focus on resolving internal conicts. In the control group, personality traits included emotional stability (C
+), gullibility (L-), calmness (O-), and adequate self-esteem (MD). Based on the results obtained, it can be
concluded that the control group is characterized by a more “harmonious personality organization” than
for persons with eating disorders.
Correlation analysis provided data on the correlations between the clinical manifestations of eating
disorders and the cognitive characteristics of individuals with eating disorders. The data obtained indicate
that the clinical signs of these disorders are reected in specic cognitive and behavioral patterns. In
individuals with anorexia nervosa, a positive correlation was found between excessive anxiety about
weight and same cognitive features: control over food intake; restrictive eating behavior to lose weight.
In addition, in individuals with this disorder, positive correlations were found between dissatisfaction with
their bodies and such patterns as: avoidance of objective weight estimation, self-focusing of attention on
the shortcomings of your body and disturbances in control during food intake. The study of correlations
among people with bulimia nervosa revealed a positive relationship between excessive anxiety about
weight and such cognitive features as: impaired control during meals; restrictive eating behavior. Similar
results were found in individuals with anorexia nervosa, which ensures that the clinical picture of these
eating disorders is similar. In addition, in individuals with bulimia nervosa, correlations were found between
binge eating, purging, and weight avoidance, and emotional eating disorders. The obtained result suggests
that episodes of overeating occur in response to emotional pain, reecting the eating behavior`s reliance
on the emotional state. Above results are consistent with data from other studies on the manifestations of
eating disorders and their distinguishing features (Burton and Abbott, 2017).
In addition, positive correlations were found between interoceptive incompetence and insufcient
control during meals in individuals with bulimia nervosa. Such results can be explained by the fact that
during episodes of overeating, there is no feeling of satiety, the absorption of food continues until the
onset of pain in the abdomen and shortness of breath. During episodes of binge eating, it is difcult for a
person to identify a feeling of fullness. Our results are consistent with the previously obtained data of other
authors (Laviano, Lazzaro and Koverech, 2018; Burton and Abbott, 2019).
Our correlation analysis of personality traits and dysfunctional attitudes in individuals with eating
disorders showed that individuals with anorexia nervosa showed a positive correlation between timidity
and such dysfunctional attitudes as: dichotomous thinking, overgeneralization, dependence of the state on
other people. In addition, in persons with this disorder, positive correlations were found between anxiety
and dichotomous thinking, overgeneralization. In the group of people with bulimia nervosa, a positive
relationship was found between stress and catastrophizing, the condition`s dependent of the situation on
other people. In summary, we can say that people with eating disorders tend to interpret their feelings in
terms of defeat, failure, or loss of something important to their happiness or peace of mind. Our results do
not contradict the previously obtained data from other authors (Hoseini, Dusti and Bagheri, 2016).
In our work, it was found that the cognitive characteristics characteristic of persons with conduct
www.ijcrsee.com
145
Vorobyeva, E., & Nimchenko, A. (2022). Cognitive and personality traits of social media users with eating disorders, International
Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 10(3), 139-147.
disorders correlate with suspicion and anxiety. Similar results were also obtained in other works concerning
the personality traits of people with eating disorders (Sanchez-Guarnido, Pino-Osuna and Herruzo-
Cabrera, 2015; Izydorczyk and Sitnik-Warchulska, 2018).
In the group of people with bulimia nervosa, we found a positive relationship between emotional
instability and interoceptive incompetence. It can be assumed that a person is under the inuence of
feelings, changeable, and easily upset due to pronounced emotional instability, which can contribute to
episodes of overeating to get rid of emotional discomfort. During a bulimic episode, eating large amounts
of food in a short period of time is accompanied by a loss of satiety.
Individuals with eating disorders have a high degree of cognitive biases, regardless of the form
of the disease. Correlation research has shown that clinical signs of eating disorders are reected in
cognitive characteristics. It was found that individuals with eating disorders tend to interpret their feelings
in terms of defeat, insufciency, loss of something important for their happiness or peace of mind, with a
tendency to overgeneralize the meaning of the loss.
Characteristic features of individuals with eating disorders are social maladjustment, avoidance
of social experience, and rejection of interpersonal interactions (from casual, everyday interactions to
friendship and intimate relationships). Thus, during our study, it was determined that such personal
characteristics characterize individuals with eating disorders as anxiety, emotional instability, suspicion,
and difculties in social adaptation.
Conclusions
1. Personal characteristics of people with eating disorders who are users of social networks
(members of the specialized group “In contact”) have statistically signicant differences from the control
group. The characteristic personality traits for persons with eating disorders are emotional instability,
anxiety, and suspicion, and for the control group, emotional stability, calmness, and gullibility.
2. Individuals with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa have different cognitive characteristics.
Indi-viduals with bulimia nervosa, compared with individuals with anorexia nervosa, are characterized by
a higher severity of avoidance of objective weight assessment, impaired control during meals, emotional
eating disorders, and self-focusing of attention on the shortcomings of their body.
3. The cognitive characteristics of individuals with eating disorders are interrelated with their
personality traits. In individuals with anorexia nervosa, a positive correlation was found between suspicion
and im-paired control during eating and a negative relationship between non-conformism and emotional
eating disorder. In persons with bulimia nervosa, a positive correlation was found between suspicion and
such cognitive features as: self-focusing of attention on the shortcomings of one’s body; restrictive eating
behavior to lose weight.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the 209 participants who cooperated in
this study.
Conict of interests
The authors declare no conict of interest.
References
Benton, C., & Karazsia, B.T. (2015). The effect of thin and muscular images on women’s body satisfaction. Body Image, 13,
22-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.11.001
Bulik, C. M., Sullivan, P. F., & Kendler, K. S. (2003). Genetic and environmental contributions to obesity and binge eating.
International Journal of Eating Disorders, 33(3), 293-298. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10140
Burton, A. L., & Abbott, M. J. (2017). Conceptualising binge eating: a review of the theoretical and empirical literature. Behaviour
Change, 34(3), 168-198. https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2017.12
Burton, A. L., & Abbott, M. J. (2019). Processes and pathways to binge eating: development of an integrated cognitive and
behavioural model of binge eating. Journal of eating disorders, 7(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-019-0248-0
Cattell, R.B. (1949). The sixteen personality factor questionnaire, Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.
Dufresne, L., Bussières, E. L., Bédard, A., Gingras, N., Blanchette-Sarrasin, A., & Bégin PhD, C. (2020). Personality traits in
adolescents with eating disorder: A meta-analytic review. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 53(2), 157-173.
https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23183
www.ijcrsee.com
146
Vorobyeva, E., & Nimchenko, A. (2022). Cognitive and personality traits of social media users with eating disorders, International
Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 10(3), 139-147.
Grzelak, T., Dutkiewicz, A., Paszynska, E., Dmitrzak-Weglarz, M., Slopien, A., & Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor, M. (2016). Neurobiochemical
and psychological factors inuencing the eating behaviors and attitudes in anorexia nervosa. Physiol Biochem., 73(2),
297-305. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13105-016-0540-2
Harasim-Piszczatowska, E., & Krajewska-Kułak, E. (2017). Pregorexia - Anorexia of pregnant women. Pediatria i Medycyna
Rodzinna, 13(3), 363-367. https://dx.doi.org/10.15557/PiMR.2017.0038
Hasan, T. F., & Hasan, H. (2011). Anorexia nervosa: a unied neurological perspective. International journal of medical sciences,
8(8), 679. https://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijms.8.679
Herpertz, S., Fichter, M., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., Hilbert, A., Tuschen-Cafer, B., Vocks, S., & Zeeck, A. (2019). S3 guidelines
for the diagnosis and treatment of eating disorders. Springer https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59606-7
Himmerich, H., Bentley, J., Kan, C., & Treasure, J. (2019). Genetic risk factors for eating disorders: an update and
insights into pathophysiology. Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology, 9, 2045125318814734. https://doi.
org/10.1177/2045125318814734
Hoseini, H., Dusti, Y., & Bagheri, S. (2016). The Relationship between Eating Disorders with Perfectionism and Cognitive
Distortions in Female College Students. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 26(142), 245-248.
Retreiving from http://jmums.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-8806-en.html
Iqbal, A., & Rehman, A. (2020). Binge Eating Disorder. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL), StatPearls Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-015-1079-1
Izydorczyk, B., & Sitnik-Warchulska, K. (2018). Sociocultural appearance standards and risk factors for eating disorders in
adolescents and women of various ages. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 429. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00429
Ilchik, O.A., Sivukha, S.V., Skugarevsky, O.A., & Suihi ,S. (2011). Russian-language adaptation of the methodology “Eating
Be-havior Assessment Scale”. Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology. 1, 39-50. (In Russ.) Retrieved from
https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=15650928
Javaras, K. N., Laird, N. M., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Bulik, C. M., Pope Jr, H. G., & Hudson, J. I. (2008). Familiality and
heritability of binge eating disorder: Results of a case-control family study and a twin study. International Journal of
Eating Disorders, 41(2), 174-179. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20484
Kaye, W. H., Wagner, A., Fudge, J. L., & Paulus, M. (2010). Neurocircuity of eating disorders. Behavioral neurobiology of eating
disorders, 37-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2010_85
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P. A., Chiu, W. T., Deitz, A. C., Hudson, J. I., Shahly, V., ... & Xavier, M. (2013). The prevalence
and correlates of binge eating disorder in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Biological
psychiatry, 73(9), 904-914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.11.020
Laviano, A., Lazzaro, L. Di, & Koverech, A. (2018). Changes in eating behavior, taste and food preferences and the effects
of gastrointestinal hormones. Clinical Nutrition Experimental., 20, 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yclnex.2018.06.002
Mehler, P. S., & Rylander, M. (2015). Bulimia Nervosa–medical complications. Journal of eating disorders, 3(1), 1-5. https://doi.
org/10.1186/s40337-015-0044-4
Moore, C. F., Sabino, V., Koob, G. F., & Cottone, P. (2017). Pathological overeating: emerging evidence for a compulsivity
construct. Neuropsychopharmacology, 42(7), 1375-1389. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2016.269
Motalova, Y. I., & Vorobeva, E. V. (2018). Food preferences in the carriers of BDNF and COMT genes different polymorphisms.
International Journal of Psychophysiology, 131(S), 173-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.07.456
Müller, T. D., Greene, B. H., Bellodi, L., Cavallini, M. C., Cellini, E., Di Bella, D., ... & Hinney, A. (2012). Fat mass and obesity-
associated gene (FTO) in eating disorders: evidence for association of the rs9939609 obesity risk allele with bulimia
nervosa and anorexia nervosa. Obesity facts, 5(3), 408-419. https://doi.org/10.1159/000340057
Rask-Andersen, M., Olszewski, P. K., Levine, A. S., & Schiöth, H. B. (2010). Molecular mechanisms underlying anorexia
nervosa: focus on human gene association studies and systems controlling food intake. Brain research reviews, 62(2),
147-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.10.007
Sagalakova, O.A., & Kiseleva, M.L. (2014). The cognitive-behavioural patterns at eating behaviour disturbances at social
anxiety context: diagnistic questionnaire. Clinical and Medical Psychology: Research, Training, Practice. 1(3), 182-188
(in Russ.) Retreived from https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=21575540&ysclid=lazjvgg2ef877005020
Sanchez-Guarnido, A. J., Pino-Osuna, M. J., & Herruzo-Cabrera, F. J. (2015). Personality prototype as a risk factor for eating
disorders. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 325-330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2014-1583
Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2011). Personality pathology and its inuence on eating disorders. Innovations in Clinical
Neuroscience, 8(3), 14. Retreived from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3074200/
Schag, K., Schönleber, J., Teufel, M., Zipfel, S., & Giel, K. E. (2013). Food‐related impulsivity in obesity and Binge Eating
Disorder–a systematic review. Obesity reviews, 14(6), 477-495. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12017
Šobot, V., & Markovic, J. (2010). Personality Traits of Adolescent Girls with Eating Disorders. Engrami, 32. Retreived from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46818091_Personality_Traits_of_Adolescent_Girls_with_Eating_Disorders
Trace, S. E., Thornton, L. M., Baker, J. H., Root, T. L., Janson, L. E., Lichtenstein, P., ... & Bulik, C. M. (2013). A behavioral-
genetic investigation of bulimia nervosa and its relationship with alcohol use disorder. Psychiatry research, 208(3),
232-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.04.030
Urwin, R. E., & Nunn, K. P. (2005). Epistatic interaction between the monoamine oxidase A and serotonin transporter genes
in anorexia nervosa. European Journal of Human Genetics, 13(3), 370-375. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201328
Voon, V. (2015). Cognitive biases in binge eating disorder: the hijacking of decision making. CNS spectrums, 20(6), 566-573.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852915000681
Vorobyeva, Е., Kovsh, E., Denisova, E., Alekseeva, D., & Babenko, V. (2021). Emotional intelligence, empathy, extraversion,
alexithymia in students-carriers of different MAOA, COMT gene genotypes. E3S Web of Conferences, 258, 07042
https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125807042
Zakharova, M. (2013). “Dysfunctional attitudes scale” as a method of the cognitive distortions’’ research. Personality, family,
and society: issues of pedagogy and psychology. 29, 55-65. (In Russ.) https://elbrary.ru/item.asp?id=19129451&yscli
d=lazmkca4np410867733
Zam, W., Saijari, R., & Sijari, Z. (2018). Overview on eating disorders. Progress in Nutrition, 20(2-S), 29-35. https://doi.
org/10.23751/pn.v20i2-S.6970
www.ijcrsee.com
147
Vorobyeva, E., & Nimchenko, A. (2022). Cognitive and personality traits of social media users with eating disorders, International
Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 10(3), 139-147.
Yilmaz, Z., Hardaway, J. A., & Bulik, C. M. (2015). Genetics and epigenetics of eating disorders. Advances in genomics and
genetics, 5, 131. https://doi.org/10.2147/AGG.S55776
Weissman, A.N., & Beck, A.T. (1978). Development and validation of the dysfunctional attitude scale. Paper presented at the
Annual meeting of the Association for the Advanced Behavior Therapy, Chicago.
Wilson, A.J., Touyz, S.W., Dunn, S.M., & Beumont, P. (1989). The Eating Behavior Rating Scale (EBRS): A measure of eating
pathology in anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 8(5), 583–592. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-
108X(198909)8:5<583::AID-EAT2260080510>3.0.CO;2-N
