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Dašić, D., Kostadinović, G., & Stanković, M. (2023). Ethical aspects of science and technological innovations, International
Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 11(2), 343-350.
Introduction
Similar to other sectors of contemporary life in growth, ethics are prevalent in science and technology.
It is essentially an informal (normative) science that examines social norms of human conduct. In addition,
because it examines what is good or wrong, it is regarded as a subeld of philosophy that deals with the
nature of moral judgment. On the other hand, ethics has a close relationship with morality, and although
it has the same essence, it is different. On the other hand, ethics is a set of norms that come from within,
they are personal norms, while morality represents those that come from outside, that is, from society.
Science and technology are not exempt from ethics. Although it is true that both elds have contributed
greatly to the benet of society, it is true that many times they end up being unethical.
In the past, it was believed that the ethics of science only applied to those aspects of the scientic
method, such as the justication of knowledge with empirical and logical evidence, the way in which
scientists respond to new empirical data, and how they are willing to accept review and criticism of their
scientic hypotheses. Apart from these operational guidelines, however, the ethics of science must also
be assessed in terms of the methods it uses to conduct its research and the degree to which it participates
in discussions and decisions regarding the application of its knowledge based on ethical standards.
However, environmental degradation is a constant byproduct of rapid economic growth and
population expansion. The most difcult contributors to environmental health issues include industrialization,
increased agriculture, and rising energy use. The advancement of the technical-technological foundation
of human work was associated with both advantages and a certain risk of endangering and disrupting
man’s integrity at work and the ecological balance in the natural environment, which is the biological
context of his life. Because industrial risk is a companion to industrial civilisation, it is often described as a
civilization of peril. Globalization was made feasible by high-tech industries like computers and electronics,
which were formerly seen as relatively clean due to their safer workplaces and less environmental effect.
„However, the perception of the effects of these technologies today is negative. From the perspective
of preserving the integrity of workers and preserving the ecological balance of the environment, work in
these industries is also not safe“ (Marković, 2002).
The topic of biotechnology is one of the main places where science and ethics meet. The
development of genetic engineering and synthetic biology has the potential to greatly benet society
Ethical Aspects of Science and Technological Innovations
Dašić Dejan
1,2*
, Kostadinović Gruja
2
, Stanković Milan
2
1
Faculty of law, security and management “Constantine the Great” – Niš, University Union-Nikola Tesla, Serbia
e-mail: drddasic@gmail.com;
gruja.kostadinovic@konstantinveliki.edu.rs; milan.stankovicv@konstantinveliki.edu.rs
2
Faculty of Sport, Belgrade, University Union-Nikola Tesla, Serbia
Abstract: The progress of civilization depends on both science and ethics, on two different ideas. Unlike ethics, which
deals with moral principles and ideals that guide human behavior, science is based on logical argumentation, empirical data, and
methodical testing. However, as science develops, it often raises ethical questions that must be addressed. As a result, science
and ethics are intertwined and both are essential for the moral and long-term advancement of science. This research examines
the results of two interconnected processes: the quick development of science and technology and its moral ramications, or the
harm it does to people’s lives all around the world. The writers highlight the need for a qualitative shift in attitudes toward nature
and society as a whole in order to address environmental challenges and remove the threat of a global ecological disaster by
analyzing the substance and impact of these processes.
Keywords: Science, technological development, ethics, sustainable development.
Review Article
Received: May, 22, 2023.
Revised: June, 26.2023.
Accepted: July, 26.2023.
UDC:
001.892:179
10.23947/2334-8496-2023-11-2-343-350
© 2023 by the authors. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
*
Corresponding author: drddasic@gmail.com
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Dašić, D., Kostadinović, G., & Stanković, M. (2023). Ethical aspects of science and technological innovations, International
Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 11(2), 343-350.
by improving the food supply and treating disease, but it also presents ethical questions. Is it moral to
genetically modify human embryos, for example? Should articial life forms be patentable? These are
questions that require rigorous ethical investigation and reection.
Animal research is another arena where moral and scientic issues coexist. Animal studies are
often used to test new medical procedures, but they also raise concerns about the ethics and welfare
of the animals involved. When conducting experiments, scientists must keep in mind the welfare of the
animals used in the study and take precautions to prevent undue harm. The scientic community must
strike a balance between the benets of using animals in research and moral concerns for their welfare
and respect for living creatures.
Science in the function of the development of society
Since the beginning of mankind, science and art have been considered intelligent creations, and
the rst systematic knowledge appeared in Greece around 600 BC. Even then, it was considered that
every individual is homo moralis by essence, simply because he is homo sapiens. Modern science, above
all psychiatry, psychology, anthropology, sociological sciences, cannot dene homo sapiens completely
and comprehensively. At that time, the medical profession of Ancient Greece was absolutely separated
from religion and doctors were trained according to the most rigorous system. The ruling principle was
that everyone has the right to medical help, and the doctor, in addition to medical knowledge, also had to
strictly ethically apply his skills to the sick. The Medical Consilium was introduced in the Hippocratic School
for the seriously ill. Hippocrates’ students and collaborators collected 53 of his works and published them
in 72 books under the name “Hippocrates Collection” and handed them over to the Library of Alexandria
for safekeeping.
There are many periods of discovery in science that have been crucial in shaping modern science,
and they can be categorized into three signicant scientic revolutions that have taken place over the
centuries. These are the Scientic Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, and the Digital Revolution. The
Scientic Revolution of the 16
th
and 17
th
centuries was one of the most important periods of discovery
in science. During this time, scientic inquiry began to shift from medieval ways of thinking to a more
empirical approach. The Industrial Revolution of the 18
th
and 19
th
centuries was another critical period of
discovery in science. During this time, there was signicant progress in the elds of mechanics, chemistry,
and electricity. Innovations such as the steam engine and the telegraph transformed society and allowed
for unprecedented levels of productivity and communication (Ho, 2023). The Industrial Revolution also
stimulated scientic inquiry, with researchers focusing on ways to improve manufacturing processes and
develop new technologies that could further advance society. Finally, in the 20
th
and 21
st
centuries, we
have seen the emergence of the Digital Revolution, which has opened up new possibilities in areas such
as articial intelligence, robotics, and medicine. Breakthroughs in computer technology have transformed
the way we live, communicate, and conduct scientic research. Researchers today are exploring concepts
such as virtual reality, quantum computing, and gene editing to unlock new horizons in science. The
largest-selling newspaper in Europe, the German tabloid Bild, has told workers that it expects to make
more editorial cuts as a result of “the opportunities of articial intelligence” and has planned a €100
million cost-cutting initiative that would result in 200 layoffs. ChatGPT is an example of an AI tool that
can produce very complex text from basic user prompts. It can produce anything from essays and job
applications to poetry and works of ction, although occasionally the results are incorrect or even made
up (Henley, 2023).
The history of science is marked by numerous periods of discovery that have greatly transformed
our understanding of the world. These periods, characterized by astonishing breakthroughs and scientic
advancements, have laid the foundation for the modern scientic inquiry we rely on today. One such
period of discovery occurred during the Scientic Revolution in the 16
th
and 17
th
centuries, where scientic
giants like Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton revolutionized our understanding of the natural world.
Another signicant period was the Atomic Age in the mid-20
th
century, characterized by groundbreaking
discoveries in nuclear physics and the development of atomic weapons, along with the birth of quantum
mechanics. These periods of discovery have shaped the course of human history and led to remarkable
scientic and technological advancements. Today, “periods from discovery to their application are getting
shorter” (Dobrov, 1969; Sarić, 2002). After a month, word of the British colonies’ unilateral proclamation
of independence in the New World (USA) reached Europe. The assassination of United States President
Abraham Lincoln in April 1865 “travelled” to Europe for 12 days, making it the greatest and most signicant
news of the 19th century.The American president was killed in Dallas, Texas, in November 1963. At 1:00
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Dašić, D., Kostadinović, G., & Stanković, M. (2023). Ethical aspects of science and technological innovations, International
Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 11(2), 343-350.
p.m., he passed away. The news was rst reported to 68% of Americans simultaneously, followed by 92%
at 2 PM and 98.8% at 6 PM. Consequently, the entire nation learned pretty rapidly (Kapferer, 2016).
The advancement of science is seen everywhere in the world. More people than ever before are
enrolled in universities thanks to advancements in society, science, living conditions, etc. Organized study
is becoming more and more important for gaining new information, whereas accidental and haphazard
discoveries are becoming less and less common. By integrating science in education, learners are
exposed to new and innovative ideas that challenge their understanding of the world around them.
They are equipped to think critically and analytically about problems and develop practical solutions.
Science education also encourages curiosity, creativity, collaboration (Parker and Kingori, 2016), and
communication. These skills are essential in both academic and professional settings and contribute to
the overall development of learners. Furthermore, science education plays a signicant role in preparing
future generations for a world that is increasingly dependent on technology and scientic advancements. It
helps students to understand and appreciate the impact of science on various aspects of society, including
health, agriculture, environment, and energy. In order to create knowledgeable citizens who can make
decisions that benet their communities and the wider globe, a solid foundation in scientic education is
essential. Overall, the growth of people, society, and the globe depends on science as an educational tool.
For the general development of the economy and society as a whole, encouraging innovation is
crucial, as is raising awareness of its signicance. Only by combining three markets—the market for
ideas, the market for cash, and the market for talent—could Silicon Valley claim success (Dašić, 2023).
Many innovative and business-minded individuals melded into the Valley and introduced fresh concepts.
As a parallel to Silicon Valley, which was envisioned as a hub of global scientic thinking, the new Russian
innovation center “Skolkovo” is the product of collaboration between the government, business, and
scientic communities.
Science and technology have been and still are the cornerstones of human progress. Man has
increased his power, material wealth, and skills over time by using discoveries and technology. Thus, the
expansion of science and technology contributed directly to the expansion of the human race, as well as
to improvements in living standards and overall quality of life. “The major aspect of development in the
future should guarantee the greatest standards of living, assure the long-term advancement of human
civilization, and also allow for the growth of human colonies outside the planet. Given these facts, it is
clear that science and technology are an essential component of quality of life” (Milivojević, et al., 2012)
More efcient utilization of natural resources is now achievable thanks to the use of science,
technique, and technology. Only in the last thirty years have targeted measures to stop environmental
degradation been put into practice. Thanks to technical improvements, recycled materials may now
be used to generate newspapers for much less money, while glass manufacturers may use up to 90%
recycled resources. With 85% recycled material, Toyota and Honda produce vehicle parts. Garbage is no
longer considered waste at these companies; instead, it serves as a resource for business and a driver
of innovation.
However, in order to reach the knowledge that will lead to a better life on earth, we must take
into account the ethical dimension. Dr. Franz Heimlich received the greatest scientic honor - the Nobel
Prize - while working at the Hudson Institute, a private college in New York State. The real Hans Stein,
who worked with Dr. Josef Mengele during the Holocaust and is regarded by many as being responsible
for 400.000 Jewish fatalities, was identied after his persona became more well known. Stein helped
Mengele, dubbed the “Angel of Death” or the “Butcher,” conduct medical experiments on thousands of
Jews that left the patients permanently paralyzed. „His medical advancements were therefore made
feasible by information gathered from cruel tests performed on Holocaust victims“ (Dej, 2008).
Nevertheless, the application of technological solutions (rapid development of industry, energy,
transport, urbanization, and military technologies) has extremely negative effects on the environment and
a sharp increase in risk to the human community, in addition to the extremely positive effects of science
and technology on the human community and its quality of life. There are numerous and diverse ways
that science and technology harm the environment and human existence. Lastly, the misuse or unethical
utilization of scientic knowledge has resulted in harmful consequences. Science can be manipulated and
used to deceive people or for unethical purposes. An example is the rise of fake news and misinformation,
where scientic studies can be misinterpreted or misused to spread false information and ideologies.
Additionally, advancements in biotechnology have raised ethical concerns regarding genetic engineering,
cloning, and manipulating the human genome. The potential misuse of such knowledge could have severe
consequences, both on an individual and societal level (Dašić, Kostadinović and Kostadinović, 2022).
“The global Internet and other new media, in such circumstances, bring new ethical challenges as
well. It is a fact that technological breakthroughs also introduce new approaches to unethical behavior
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Dašić, D., Kostadinović, G., & Stanković, M. (2023). Ethical aspects of science and technological innovations, International
Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 11(2), 343-350.
and that one of the biggest concerns from that level is the ease with which personal information can be
collected and shared over the Internet” (Bjelajac, Filipović and Stošić, 2022). The ethics of new media are
inseparable from the state of moral communities in which these media operate; the “moral chaos” on the
Internet has less to do with this technology, and more with the state of morality in the societies that use it
(Bajić, 2020).
Baudrillard calls this new human environment postmodern reality. Reality is replaced by its signs, and
the function of media images in the system of the death of reality is to leave reality without the opportunity
to ever be produced again. “The surreal is now already protected from the imaginary, leaving only room for
the orbital return of the model and the simulated creation of risk” (Bodrijar, 1991, 6-7): Baudrillard is aware
of the role of the development of technology, and above all information technology, in the loss of man’s
contact with reality: “The image itself can no longer represent the real, because it is the real itself.” He
can no longer even dream of it, because it is his virtual reality. As if things swallowed their own mirror and
became transparent to themselves...” (Bodrijar, 1998, 14). Instead of disappearing from themselves due
to the illusion, according to Baudrillard, those pictures are compelled to be “printed on millions of screens
on whose horizons not only reality, but the image itself, disappears. According to Baudrillard, “Reality is
exiled from Reality,” and rather than seeing technology as a factor that isolates people from reality, he
believes that it may be the only thing that still unites reality’s fragmented components.
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research methods have become increasingly popular in
recent years. Modern, very dangerous forms of warfare, rapacious resource extraction, environmental
degradation, technological acts of brutality, undiscovered genetic alterations, and numerous other
unsettling occurrences are the results of the aforementioned. By building atomic power plants, man has
created many comforts for himself. However, we have witnessed catastrophic failures at two such nuclear
power plants, at Three Mile Island in the US and at Chernobyl.
Science played a crucial role in the creation of the atomic bomb. The development of the atomic
bomb was a multidisciplinary endeavor that required the coordination of different scientic elds such as
physics, chemistry, and engineering. Scientists worked tirelessly to unravel the mysteries of the atom,
with the aim of harnessing its energy for destructive purposes. The Manhattan Project was the codename
for the secret military project that produced the rst atomic bombs during World War II. It involved the
collaboration of renowned scientists such as Robert Oppenheimer, Enrico Fermi, and Albert Einstein, who
provided critical insights into the scientic principles underlying the atomic bomb’s creation. Scientists
developed various technical procedures that helped rene the atomic bomb’s design, reducing its weight
while increasing its destructive power.
Science played a key role in the atomic bomb’s development, raising ethical questions about the
possible consequences of its use. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki resulted in the death of many
people and caused long-term effects such as radiation poisoning, cancer, and environmental damage. The
development of the atomic bomb highlights the power of science to both create and destroy, emphasizing
the need to use science responsibly in advancing human civilization (Temkov, 2020).
Ethics as an indispensable part of science
After World War II, several codes of ethics were established to regulate scientic research. The
Nuremberg Code, adopted in 1947, was a set of guidelines for conducting medical experiments on
human subjects. The Declaration of Helsinki, adopted in 1964, expanded on the Nuremberg Code and set
guidelines for medical research on human subjects. The Belmont Report, adopted in 1979, established
guidelines for research involving human subjects in the United States. These codes have helped to ensure
that scientic research is conducted ethically and with the aim of improving the lives of people.
When talking about social values, researchers rst and foremost lay a strong focus on ethical
standards, which highlight moral responsibility for one’s own conduct as well as for the behavior of other
study participants. The majority of researchers uphold fundamental ethical standards in science, and
unethical behavior is not typical of scientists (or at least it shouldn’t be), yet there are certain people who
are simple to deceive.
Today’s improvements in worldwide social development, especially in the most economically
advanced countries, are primarily due to developments in science and technology. In addition to the
positive effects that technology has had on the expansion of all aspects of social life, it has also had
severe effects, notably on the environment. “Man created scientic technology to enhance productivity
and volume of output, but he didn’t anticipate that using it would have such negative effects on the
environment and its ecological systems as well as on the resources consumed” (Vićentijević, Aćimović
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Dašić, D., Kostadinović, G., & Stanković, M. (2023). Ethical aspects of science and technological innovations, International
Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 11(2), 343-350.
and Stevanović, 2011). The question is rightly raised whether the progress of science leads to progress
or regression of humanity. The rst scientic-technological revolution led to a decrease in the number of
employees, because they were replaced by machines, while the current scientic-technological revolution,
almost certainly, will deprive people of the ability to think.
One of the most famous Serbian writers of the 20
th
century, Borislav Pekić, has long warned
about the problematic nature of articial intelligence, more precisely about the problem of developing
its emotionality. He divided science into black and white - permissible and impermissible science. White
science refers to everything exact and true in science, which does not engage in dangerous, uncertain
and staged experiments, aimed primarily at the well-being of man.
Corporate scientism, which has abandoned the aim of service to man and mankind and has put itself
at the service of prot without regard for means or methods, is what we refer to as “black science.” Today,
unethical and unscrupulous lobbying permeates practically everything. The Nobel Prize has become
worthless to many, and several Scandinavian activists led a criminal investigation against committee
members for disrespecting its founder’s legacy after the peace prizes were awarded to Obama, Chinese
dissident Liu Xiaobo and the European Union. After only nine months in ofce as US president, at a
time when the US was engaged in two wars - in Afghanistan and Iraq, as well as during increased drone
attacks in Pakistan and Yemen, Obama was awarded the world peace prize “for outstanding efforts” in
order to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between nations. Recently, huge amounts
of money have poured into American institutes, whose “unbiased studies” increasingly coincide with the
interests of foreign donors. One such example is the Center for Global Development, which received
a large sum of money from Norway to inuence the US to double foreign aid, praise its prime minister
and nominate him as the next head of the NATO alliance. Another example is the Japanese, who also
donated over 1.1 million euros to publish studies concluding that the US should negotiate a free trade
agreement with Japan. These are academic groups that present themselves to US ofcials as “objective”
organizations, “untainted” by interests, and often their studies carry more weight than the persuasion of
proven lobbyists, interest groups or lawyers.
Scientists frequently run into issues that are brought on by “various power centers, important people,
politicians, strong social institutions, and the like” (Vučković, 2022). We may use the dominant worldwide
pharmaceutical industry as an example, which invests much in science, research, and the development
of new drugs but is also the target of countless rumors of unethical behavior and immoral acts (Dašić,
Tošić and Deletić, 2020). Investment experts anticipate that the American biotech company Moderna,
the German biotech company Biontech, and their joint venture partner, the American pharmaceutical
behemoth Pzer, will generate billions of dollars in revenue in 2019. The Moderna vaccine’s development
is said to have cost roughly $ 2.5 billion in total, with the consensus being that “American taxpayers
funded for 100% of that development. Support for the Moderna vaccine, which according to testing is
94.5% effective, comes from a number of organizations, including Emory University, Vanderbilt University
Medical Center, and the Dolly Parton Research Fund. “All vaccine-related transactions are covered in
secrecy, and businesses and government agencies are protecting their right to privacy” (Clouse, 2021).
Drug companies have been reluctant to discuss the price of a single dosage of a vaccine, despite the fact
that the government has committed billions of dollars in its development.
Military innovations signicantly lower people’s quality of life. The majority of them are instruments
for mass destruction of both people and objects. Biological weapons have been developed using bacteria
that cause diseases including anthrax, smallpox, and biotoxins. Additionally, brand-new biological
weapons are being created, principally using the most recent genetic engineering and genetics expertise.
Many scientists’ consciences were deeply affected by the development of the atomic bomb because of
the suffering that resulted from its deployment at the conclusion of the Second World War. Following that,
a number of ideas for the peaceful use of atomic energy emerged, which caused millions of people to
become wealthy and, as a result, feel less guilty. This method is still utilized today, thus space exploration
is done in conjunction with military objectives by installing strong military satellites that, aside from being
used for more effective and faster global communication, are primarily used to wage war and commit
murder.
The link between man and nature, or their life interconnectivity and conditioning, has been a
continuous companion of human history since human life is a part of the natural cycle of life and production
is the taking and processing of natural materials to fulll human needs. “Man’s impact on environment,
however, takes on a distinct character in pre-industrial civilization, which is dominated by agriculture,
cattle, and crafts” (Marinković, Marinković and Stefanović, 2013). With his manufacturing and other
actions, man has an impact on and modies nature. But these modications are only made locally, just in
the areas where people construct their homes or harvest natural resources for their personal purposes.
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Dašić, D., Kostadinović, G., & Stanković, M. (2023). Ethical aspects of science and technological innovations, International
Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 11(2), 343-350.
This interaction between man and his surroundings does not call into doubt the natural equilibrium.
Preservation of the environment has become an increasingly pressing issue in recent years. With
the rapid expansion of human activities and the subsequent rise in pollution levels, it is imperative that
immediate action is taken to protect our planet. The preservation of the environment is crucial because it
directly impacts the health and well-being of all living organisms, including humans. Our planet provides us
with essential resources such as clean air, water, and food, and it is our duty to conserve and protect these
resources for the benet of all. Moreover, a healthy environment promotes biodiversity and ecological
balance, contributing to the overall sustainability of our ecosystems. By preserving the environment,
we can ensure the continuity of life and avoid irreversible damage from pollution, deforestation, and
global warming. The consequences of neglecting the preservation of the environment are severe and
far-reaching. Continued degradation of the environment will lead to an increase in air and water pollution,
which can have detrimental effects on human health and the natural world. Climate change, resulting
from excessive carbon emissions, will bring about more frequent and severe natural disasters, such
as hurricanes and droughts. Furthermore, the loss of biodiversity due to habitat destruction threatens
the delicate balance of ecosystems, impacting agricultural productivity, food security, and ultimately
human survival. Neglecting environmental preservation would jeopardize not only our own future but
also the well-being of all other species with whom we share this planet. To ensure a sustainable future,
Scientic workers and researchers. must take action and promote environmental preservation in their
daily lives. This can be achieved through simple measures such as reducing waste, conserving energy,
and supporting sustainable practices in our consumption patterns. Additionally, spreading awareness
about the importance of environmental preservation through education and social activism can create a
positive ripple effect, inspiring others to join in the cause. By participating in environmental organizations
or engaging in research related to environmental issues, college students can drive meaningful change
and contribute to the preservation of our planet for generations to come.
Scientists are expected to make a signicant contribution, to listen to predictions and align their
intended big undertakings with them and to respect the dangers caused by industrialization, excessive
burning of petroleum derivatives in the automotive industry and in factory plants because all of this can
have catastrophic consequences for the overall life on planet Earth. In the last decade, it has been
proven that the stratosphere has been introduced into the phenomenon of the so-called greenhouse
due to the excessive production of carbon dioxide and the reduction of ozone, resulting in ozone holes.
The ozone layer protects against excessive penetration of infrared rays from the solar spectrum on the
earth’s surface. The depletion of the ozone layer in the stratosphere is caused by the excessive use of
chlorouorocarbons and the burning of petroleum products. Chlorouorocarbon was used in the industry
of refrigerators and sprays and, following the warnings of scientists, it was banned by a UN decision made
in 1995 to stop the greenhouse effect (Nenadović, 2007).
The debate over the socio-ethical boundaries of science is centered on the tension between the
legitimate right to freedom of inquiry and the need for outside controls to mitigate the risks of inquiry—
which, for instance, could endanger the right to life, the quality of life, or the preservation of the environment.
„The participation of the scientic community in dening the risks associated with modern technology
cannot be replaced, but decisions concerning their management require discussions beyond disciplinary
boundaries, as well as the exchange of data and arguments from different scientic and non-scientic
perspectives“ (Develaki, 2008; Doemeny and Knerr, 2017).
Conclusion
Science has greatly inuenced the progress of civilization over time, always increasing its material
and spiritual possibilities. This affected and helped to establish modern civilization and the conditions for
a secure and satisfying existence. Every country in the globe is still growing, mostly because of science
and emerging technology. However, because changes occur so fast and dramatically, it is challenging to
keep up with them. It is also challenging to recognize how changes affect us all on a daily basis. Even
worse, a lot of scientic advancements and technology are kept a secret in order to retain economic and
military superiority.
It is believed that the development of, say, moral principles in science is signicantly inuenced by
the scientist’s sense of personal responsibility as well as the sensitivity he developed during his education
for moral issues related to the choice of research subjects and the dissemination of his knowledge for
practical application. Another, equally important factor is the willingness and commitment of the scientic
community to expose cases of risky research, misuse of scientic knowledge by certain groups, or to raise
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Dašić, D., Kostadinović, G., & Stanković, M. (2023). Ethical aspects of science and technological innovations, International
Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 11(2), 343-350.
public awareness of the possible costs to society of the risks associated with technological applications.
Of course, it can be countered that there are always positive and bad outcomes in research and that any
attempt to completely separate them would probably result in the stagnation of scientic progress.
Science undoubtedly opens new doors and provides people with inspiration and tools to build
and progress, but it also poses a threat to all life on Earth. This, however, is not a direct moral output of
scientic thinking and activity, or even very seldom a direct consequence thereof; rather, it results from
people’s negligent exploitation of scientic knowledge. The ethical conduct of research is crucial for many
types of undertakings, not only those involving scientists. In order to meet new health, environmental,
and technological concerns and consequently enhance quality of life, society as a whole depends on
innovation across many elds. Due to speedier advancements in science, medicine, a more enjoyable
way of life, and economic success, or an improvement in the general quality of people’s lives, the average
lifespan has grown during the previous two centuries. Despite this change’s undeniable signicance
and importance, which may seem contradictory, it has nonetheless led to a rapid rise in the world’s
population, and this change has had numerous negative direct and indirect effects on the environment
and ecosystems that are harmful to people.
Ethics and science are crucial for the development of human society. Ethics guarantees that our
scientic discoveries remain sustainable and responsible even when science provides us with information
and tools for progress. For humanity to progress without harming itself and other living beings, these two
sectors must be recognized as interconnected and mutually inuencing.
Conict of interests
The authors declare no conict of interest.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: D.D., Formal Analysis: D.D., M.S., G.K., Investigation: M.S., Methodology: D.D.,
M.S., Project administration: D.D., Resources: G.K., Writing original draft: D.D, Writing review &
editing: D.D., M.S., G.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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